دانشگاه تبریز دانش خاک و گیاه 3092-6106 36 1 2026 03 21 Effect of Sheep Manure Integration with Chicken Manure on Agronomic Traits and Yield of Green Bean under Field Conditions اثر تلفیق کود گوسفندی با کود مرغی بر صفات زراعی و عملکرد لوبیا سبز در شرایط مزرعه‌ای 1 18 21170 10.22034/sps.2026.70177.1024 FA اصغر مارزی زاده گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. صاحبعلی بلندنظر گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. مژده اسکو گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2025 11 11 Background and Objectives Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is considered one of the important vegetables due to its high nutritional value and relatively low water requirements, and is cultivated in many regions worldwide. The application of organic fertilizers, particularly livestock and poultry manures, can significantly influence the growth and yield of this crop. So, this study was coducted to evaluate the effects of different rates of sheep manure and poultry manure and their combination on the agronomic traits and yield of green bean cultivar Sunray under field conditions. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven treatments and three replications in a farm located in southern Kerman province, Iran. The experimental treatments consisted of a control (no fertilizer application), sheep manure at the rates of 10 and 20 t ha⁻¹, poultry manure at the rates of 3 and 5 t ha⁻¹, and combined applications of sheep manure and poultry manure (3 t ha-1 poultry manure + 7 t ha⁻¹ sheep manure and 5 t ha-1 poultry manure + 15 t ha⁻¹ sheep manure). Results The results of this study showed that the combined applications of sheep manure and poultry manure had significant effects on plant height, number of leaves, number of side branches, fresh and dry weights of shoot, pod weight, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed weight per pod, and total yield. The results obtained from the correlation between traits showed that all traits studied in this experiment showed a positive and significant correlations with each other. Also, traits such as the number of side branches, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and total yield showed their highest values in the treatment of sheep manure integration with poultry manure (3 t ha-1 poultry manure + 7 t ha⁻¹ sheep manure and 5 t ha-1 poultry manure + 15 t ha⁻¹ sheep manure). On the other hand, the amount of poultry manure and chemical fertilizers application can be decreased, which are expensive. In other words, integrated application of sheep manure and poultry manure can be used as an efficient and sustainable method to improve the yield and quality of green bean. Conclusions The results showed that the integrated application of organic fertilizers, especially sheep manure and poultry manure, significantly improved the agronomic traits and yield of green bean and can contribute to the development of the sustainable agriculture. Author Contributions Marzizadeh and S. Bolandnazar conceived and planned the experiments. A. Marzizadeh carried out the experiments. A. Marzizadeh and M. Osku analyzed data A. Marzizadeh and S. Bolandnazar wrote the first manuscript. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript. Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the authors. Acknowledgements The authors thank the Research Council of the Feizipour Jiroft Diagnostic-Recommended Soil Laboratory Institute for their cooperation in this research. Ethical considerations The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct. Conflict of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. لوبیا سبز یکی از سبزی‌های مهمی است که به‌دلیل خواص تغذیه‌ای بالا و نیاز کم به منابع آبی، تقریباً در بسیاری از مناطق دنیا کشت می‌شود. استفاده از کودهای آلی به‌ویژه کود گوسفندی و مرغی می‌تواند تأثیر زیادی بر رشد و عملکرد این محصول داشته باشد. برای بررسی اثر مصرف تلفیقی کود گوسفندی و کود مرغی بر رشد و عملکرد لوبیا سبز (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Sunray)، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با هفت تیمار و سه تکرار در مزرعه‌ای واقع در جنوب استان کرمان انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل شاهد، کاربرد کود گوسفندی به میزان 10 و 20 تن بر هکتار، کاربرد کود مرغی به میزان 3 و 5 تن بر هکتار، و تیمارهای تلفیقی 10 تن بر هکتار (3 تن بر هکتار کود مرغی + 7 تن بر هکتار کود گوسفندی) و 20 تن بر هکتار (5 تن بر هکتار کود مرغی + 15 تن بر هکتار کود گوسفندی) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که مصرف تلفیقی کود گوسفندی و کود مرغی بر ارتفاع گیاه، تعداد برگ، تعداد شاخه فرعی، وزن تر و خشک بخش هوایی، وزن غلاف، طول غلاف، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن دانه در غلاف و عملکرد کل تأثیر معناداری داشت. همبستگی‌های مثبت و معناداری میان تمام صفات مورد مطالعه در این پژوهش مشاهده شد. همچنین، بیشترین مقدار تعداد شاخه فرعی، طول غلاف، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف و عملکرد کل در تیمارهای تلفیقی 10 تن بر هکتار (3 تن بر هکتار کود مرغی + 7 تن بر هکتار کود گوسفندی) و 20 تن بر هکتار (5 تن بر هکتار کود مرغی + 15 تن بر هکتار کود گوسفندی) حاصل شد. به‌طور کلی، نتایج نشان داد که مصرف تلفیقی کودهای آلی (کود گوسفندی و کود مرغی)، موجب بهبود قابل‌ملاحظه رشد و عملکرد لوبیا سبز شد که می‌تواند نقش مؤثری در دستیابی به کشاورزی پایدار داشته باشد.

http://sps.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21170_aec30c28cbf9e1ab370c2eff321d545c.pdf

دانشگاه تبریز دانش خاک و گیاه 3092-6106 36 1 2026 03 21 Effect of Triple Superphosphate Integration with Leonardite on Some Chemical Characteristics and Microbial Population of an Alkaline Sandy Loam Soil and Concentrations of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Leaves of Nigella sativa اثر تلفیق تریپل سوپرفسفات با لئوناردیت بر برخی ویژگی‌های شیمیایی و جمعیت میکروبی یک خاک لوم شنی قلیایی و غلظت نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم برگ سیاهدانه 19 41 21175 10.22034/sps.2026.70938.1029 FA مهسا عابدی گروه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. جلیل شفق کلوانق گروه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. آرش همتی بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان شرقی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تبریز، ایران. Journal Article 2025 12 27 Background and Objectives Improvement of soil productivity and nutrient use efficiency in medicinal plants, especially in light-textured soils, requires integrated nutrient management strategies. Light soils, such as sandy loam, often have low nutrient retention capacity, high nitrogen and potassium leaching potential, and limited microbial activity, leading to reduced soil fertility and plant nutrient uptake. Humic substances, such as leonardite, are recognized for their ability to improve soil chemical and biological properties, enhance microbial activity, and stabilize nutrients. Phosphate fertilizers, particularly triple superphosphate, provide essential phosphorus for plant growth, but their efficiency is often limited by soil fixation and low mobility in light soils. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of leonardite (rich in humic acids) and triple superphosphate on soil chemical and biological properties (total N, available- P and K, organic matter, electrical conductivity, and microbial populations) and nutrient uptake in Nigella sativa L. grown in a sandy-loam soil under rainfed conditions. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in the Parchin region, Germi County, Ardabil province, Iran (39°08'47" N, 48°23'60" E). The field trial was established in a randomized complete blocks design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments included: 1- Control (no fertilizer), 2- Triple superphosphate 50 kg ha⁻¹ (P50), 3- Triple superphosphate 100 kg ha⁻¹ (P100), 4- Leonardite 100 kg ha⁻¹ (H100), 5- Leonardite 200 kg ha⁻¹ (H200), 6- P50 + H100, 7- P25 + H150, 8- P75 + H50, and 9- P25 + H50. Each experimental plot consisted of 2 m×2 m, with 25 cm row spacing, 10 cm plant spacing, and a density of 40 plants per m². The soil preparation was done with a chisel plow, and all fertilizers were applied at planting. The trial was conducted under rainfed conditions without irrigation. The soil samples were collected from 0–30 cm depth after harvest. The soil organic carbon was determined using the Walkley–Black method. Total nitrogen of soil and plant samples was measured by the Kjeldahl method. Available phosphorus was extracted by the Olsen method, and available potassium by ammonium acetate. Leaf samples were dried and analyzed for total nitrogen (Kjeldahl), phosphorus (molybdenum–vanadate colorimetry), and potassium (flame photometry). Microbial populations in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were counted using standard plating techniques. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, means comparison was performed by Duncan’s multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05, and correlation coefficients among traits were also determined. Results The results of this study indicated that the combined application of leonardite and triple superphosphate significantly influenced the soil chemical and biological properties as well as nutrient uptake in Nigella sativa. The highest increase in soil organic matter was observed in the P25H150 (14.1 g/kg) and H200 (13.7 g/kg) treatments, representing 7% and 5% increases compared to the control (13.1 g/kg), respectively. The soil total nitrogen concentration was highest in P25H150 (0.83 g/kg), a 57% increase over the control (0.53 g/kg) and its value in H200 treatment was 0.77 g/kg (45% increase relative to the control). The soil available phosphorus reached its maximum (7 mg/kg) in P50H100 treatment, representing a 63% increase relative to the control (4.3 mg/kg). The effects of treatments were not significant on soil available potassium and electrical conductivity (EC). Rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere microbial populations were highest in P25H150 treatment and lowest in the control. Increases in microbial populations were positively and significantly correlated with soil organic matter and leaf nitrogen concentration. Leaf nitrogen concentration was highest (27.8 mg/g) in P25H150 treatment. Leaf phosphorus concentration (3.77 mg/g) and leaf potassium concentration (25.7 mg/g) peaked in P50H100. Correlation analysis revealed positive and significant relationships between soil organic matter and total soil nitrogen (r = 0.59**) as well as rhizosphere microbial population (r = 0.62**). Leaf nitrogen concentration was positively correlated with soil nitrogen (r = 0.50**), leaf phosphorus (r = 0.68**), and leaf potassium (r = 0.53**). Leaf potassium concentration and soil available phosphorus positively correlated with microbial populations in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere. Also, leaf phosphorus concentration showed a strong positive correlation with soil available phosphorus (r = 0.75**). Conclusion Overall, integrated application of leonardite and triple superphosphate, particularly at 25 kg P + 150 kg leonardite/ha, significantly improved soil chemical and biological properties and enhanced macronutrient uptake in Nigella sativa plant in a sandy-loam soil under rainfed conditions. Also, leonardite alone at 200 kg/ha positively influenced soil fertility and leaf macronutrient concentrations. Enhanced nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations in leaves, together with improved soil organic matter and microbial populations, demonstrated the effectiveness of the combined organic–mineral strategies in promoting nutrient stability and bioavailability. These findings highlight that optimized applications of leonardite and triple superphosphate can serve as an efficient approach for sustainable soil fertility management and improving productivity of medicinal plants, especially in low-organic matter soils and semi-arid regions. Author Contributions Conceptualization and methodology, M.A. & J.S.K.; Performing experiments and measurements, M.A.; formal analysis and data curation, M.A. & J.S.K.; writing-original draft preparation, M.A., writing- review and editing, M.A. & J.S.K.; supervision, J.S.K.; project administration, J.S.K.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Data Availability Statement Data is available on reasonable request from the authors. Acknowledgements This paper is published as a part of a Ph.D. thesis supported by the Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology of the University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. The authors are thankful to the University of Tabriz for financial supports. Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Ethical considerations The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct. افزایش کیفیت حاصلخیزی خاک و کارایی جذب عناصر غذایی در گیاهان دارویی، به‌ویژه در خاک‌های با بافت سبک، نیازمند بهره‌گیری از رویکردهای تلفیقی در مدیریت تغذیه گیاهان است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر کاربرد لئوناردیت، منبع غنی از هیومیک اسید و تریپل سوپرفسفات بر برخی ویژگی‌های شیمیایی خاک، جمعیت میکروبی و غلظت عناصر غذایی برگ سیاهدانه (Nigella sativa L.) در یک خاک لوم شنی انجام شد. این آزمایش در سال زراعی 1401-1400 در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در منطقه پرچین شهرستان گرمی، استان اردبیل، با میانگین بارندگی سالانه بالای 500 میلی‌متر، در شرایط دیم با 9 تیمار شامل 1- شاهد، 2- تریپل سوپرفسفات 50 کیلوگرم بر هکتار (P50)، 3-تریپل سوپرفسفات 100 کیلوگرم بر هکتار (P100)، 4- لئوناردیت 100 کیلوگرم بر هکتار (H100)، 5- لئوناردیت 200 کیلوگرم بر هکتار (H200)، 6- 50 کیلوگرم تریپل سوپرفسفات + 100 کیلوگرم لئوناردیت بر هکتار (P50H100)، 7-25 کیلوگرم تریپل سوپرفسفات + 150 کیلوگرم لئوناردیت بر هکتار (P25H150)، 8- 75 کیلوگرم تریپل سوپرفسفات + 50 کیلوگرم لئوناردیت بر هکتار (P75H50) و 9- 25 کیلوگرم تریپل سوپرفسفات + 50 کیلوگرم لئوناردیت بر هکتار (P25H50) انجام شد. تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که تیمارها بر غلظت نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم کل برگ سیاهدانه، غلظت نیتروژن کل و فسفر قابل‌جذب گیاه در خاک و جمعیت میکروبی خاک ریزوسفر سیاهدانه و غیرریزوسفر تأثیری معنادار داشتند اما اثر آن‌ها بر EC، کربن آلی و غلظت پتاسیم قابل‌جذب گیاه در خاک معنادار نبود. بیشترین غلظت نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم برگ سیاهدانه و بیشترین جمعیت میکروبی در خاک ریزوسفری و غیرریزوسفری و بیشترین کربن آلی در تیمار تلفیقی 25 کیلوگرم تریپل سوپرفسفات + 150 کیلوگرم لئوناردیت بر هکتار (P25H150) مشاهده شد. این تیمار موجب افزایش معنادار غلظت نیتروژن کل و فسفر قابل‌جذب گیاه در خاک نسبت به شاهد شد. همبستگی مثبت بین غلظت فسفر قابل‌جذب گیاه در خاک با غلظت این عنصر در برگ گیاه سیاهدانه (r = 0.75**) بیانگر انتقال مؤثر فسفر به این گیاه بود. به‌طور کلی، تیمارهای تلفیقی آلی–معدنی با افزایش ماده آلی خاک و فعالیت میکروبی، سبب بهبود حاصلخیزی خاک و افزایش غلظت عناصر پرمصرف اولیه در خاک و برگ سیاهادانه شدند. این رویکرد می‌تواند در مدیریت خاک‌های قلیایی با بافت سبک به‌عنوان گزینه‌ای کارآمد برای تولید پایدار گیاهان دارویی از جمله سیاهدانه توصیه شود.

http://sps.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21175_c3bdb03ae880ff36253905829ea8b2e7.pdf

دانشگاه تبریز دانش خاک و گیاه 3092-6106 36 1 2026 03 21 Possibility of Measuring the Water Content of Saline Coarse-Textured Soils Using the Time Domain Reflectometery (TDR) Method with a Coated Contact Censor امکان اندازه‌گیری مقدار رطوبت خاک‌های درشت‌بافت شور به روش انعکاس‌سنج تأخیر زمانی (TDR) با حسگر تماسی پوشش‌دار 43 60 21457 10.22034/sps.2026.71015.1030 FA داود نیک‌نژاد مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان شرقی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تبریز، ایران. Journal Article 2025 12 31 Background and Objectives Accurate and continuous monitoring of soil water content is critical for sustainable agricultural practices, as soil moisture plays a crucial role in biological processes such as seed germination, plant growth, and nutrient uptake. Among the various methods available for soil moisture measurement, the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technique has gained widespread acceptance due to its speed, non-destructive nature, and the high accuracy in determining volumetric water content based on the soil’s dielectric constant. While TDR performs reliably in normal soils, particularly those with medium textures, its accuracy is severely compromised under anomalous soil conditions, including high bulk density, extreme temperatures, high organic matter content, and notably, high salinity. Salinity poses a particular challenge because the presence of highly concentrated dissolved ions significantly increase the electrical conductivity of the soil solution. This high electrical conductivity leads to excessive signal attenuation and scattering of the electromagnetic pulse emitted by the TDR device. Consequently, the measured dielectric constant is overestimated, resulting in inaccurate or impossible determination of the actual soil moisture content. Previous research has indicated that standard TDR sensors with conventional burial probes fail to measure soil moisture when the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract exceeds approximately 15 dS/m, especially in fine-textured soils. The main purpose of this research was to design, manufacture, and calibrate a new coated contact sensor for the TDR device that overcomes the technical limitations imposed by high soil salinity and allows the TDR device to measure the moisture content of coarse-textured saline soils with high accuracy based on the regression models obtained. Material and Methods For this purpose, coarse-textured soil (sandy loam) was prepared from the lands around Khajeh district, 20 kilometers east of Tabriz metropolis, Iran. For the aforementioned soil, an experimental salinity model was first prepared, which calculated the amount of salt for the desired electrical conductivity. Based on the salinity model, soils with electrical conductivity of 20, 35, and 50 dS/m were prepared and, after being poured into cylindrical containers, were brought to the bulk density of 1.57 g/cm3. Then, through trial and error, the type and amount of coating installed on the sensor waveguide rods for the aforementioned soils at the specific humidity of 30% was determined. The behavior of the coated waveguide rods for other soil moistures (air-dry to saturated) was unknown. For this purpose, soils with the aforementioned electrical conductivity were also prepared and poured into drained cubic containers and compacted until reaching the bulk density of 1.57 g/cm3. After the samples were saturated, the coated waveguide rods were installed vertically in the soil and the soil moisture measurement inside the containers was started by gravimetric and TDR methods. It took 130 days for the soil moisture to reach air-dry state, during which 29 measurements were made in three replicates. The data obtained after averaging the replicates were plotted in a graph and the most appropriate regression equations were presented. These equations were able to calculate the actual moisture content of saline and very saline soils with high accuracy by using the TDR method. Results The implementation of the specialized polymer coating on the TDR sensor rods successfully resolved the fundamental problem of signal failure in highly saline soils (up to 50 dS/m). The coated sensor reacted proportionally to changes in soil moisture content, much like a conventional sensor operates in non-saline soil. This outcome represents a significant achievement, enabling TDR measurements in soil conditions previously considered intractable. However, a systematic error was observed, particularly as the soil moisture content decreased from the saturation point towards air-dry conditions. Although the coating reduced the electrical interference, a noticeable difference persisted between the TDR-measured values and the true volumetric moisture content. This difference necessitated the development of specific calibration models for each salinity level to ensure high-accuracy estimation of the true soil moisture. Statistical analysis, utilizing indicators such as the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Relative Error (RE), p-value, and the coefficient of determination (r2), were performed to evaluate the efficiency of various regression models. The optimal regression equations derived from the calibration data varied depending on the level of salinity: 1-For ECe = 20 dS/m: A linear regression model provided the most accurate fit. 2-For ECe = 35 dS/m: A quadratic (second-degree polynomial) regression model was required. 3-For ECe = 50 dS/m: A cubic (third-degree polynomial) regression model demonstrated the best performance. These findings indicated that the non-linear relationship between the TDR reading and the actual moisture content was more complex (requiring higher-degree polynomials) as the soil salinity increased. Applying these specific calibration equations allows researchers and farm managers to calculate the actual soil moisture content with high precision, overcoming the inaccuracies associated with direct, uncalibrated TDR readings in saline environments. Conclusion This research enables the measurement of moisture in coarse-textured saline soils, even at very high salinity levels (over 50 dS/m), using contact sensors coated with polymeric materials using the time-domain reflectometry (TDR) method. The newly developed sensor, calibrated with empirical regression equations (linear, quadratic, and cubic), enables the measurement of soil moisture content in saline soils. Data Availability Statement Data is available on reasonable request from the author. Acknowledgements The author is thankful to the Research and Education Center for Agricultural and Natural Resources of East Azarbaijan for financial supports. Ethical considerations The author avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and misconduct. اندازه‌گیری رطوبت خاک به روش TDR یکی از روش‌های غیرمستقیم است که در آن ثابت دی‌الکتریک خاک به رطوبت حجمی تبدیل ‌می‌شود. روشی که سریع و بی‌خطر بوده و در ‏خاک‌های عادی نتایج قابل‌قبولی دارد، اما برای خاک‌های شور قادر به اندازه‌گیری رطوبت خاک نیست. هدف این پژوهش ساخت حسگرهای تماسی است که دستگاه TDR را به اندازه‌گیری رطوبت خاک‌های درشت‌بافت شور قادر می‌سازد. با ‏ساخت این حسگرها می‌توان‏ رطوبت خاک‌های شور را با دستگاه TDR ‏اندازه‌گیری نمود و در صورت مشاهده خطا ‏می‌توان با ارائه مدل‌های واسنجی به رطوبت واقعی خاک دست یافت‎. خاک با بافت لوم شنی از اراضی اطراف بخش خواجه در 20 کیلومتری شرق ‌شهر تبریز تهیه گردید و با افزودن نمک به آن، خاک‌هایی با قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی 20، 35 و 50 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر با جرم مخصوص 57/1 گرم بر سانتی‌متر مکعب آماده شد. سپس از طریق آزمون و خطا، نوع و مقدار پوشش نصب شده بر روی میله‌های حسگر برای خاک‌های مذکور در یک رطوبت مشخص (30 درصد) تعیین شد. این پوشش برای یکی از میله‌ها یک لایه رنگ کوره با یک لایه روکش حرارتی و برای میله دیگر 5/2 لایه روکش حرارتی به‌دست آمد. میله‌های پوشش‌دار برای سایر رطوبت‌های خاک (اشباع تا هواخشک) نیز رفتارسنجی شدند و با توجه به شاخص‌های آماری RMSE، RE، p-value و r2 مناسب‌ترین معادلات رگرسیونی ارائه گردیدند که برای خاک‌های با قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی 20، 35 و 50 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر به‌ترتیب خطی، درجه دو و درجه سه بودند که بر اساس آن‌ها می‌توان رطوبت خاک شور را با دقت بالا محاسبه نمود.

http://sps.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21457_7e03980252f53e4a358330a2b6ae4a13.pdf

دانشگاه تبریز دانش خاک و گیاه 3092-6106 36 1 2026 05 13 Effect of simultaneous stresses of salinity, water deficit, and deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on evapotranspiration stress coefficient of corn plants under field conditions تأثیر تنش‌های هم‌زمان شوری، کم‌آبی و کمبود نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم بر ضریب تنش تبخیر و تعرق گیاه ذرت در شرایط مزرعه‌ای 61 80 21556 10.22034/sps.2026.71288.1035 FA فرامرز زرگر یعقوبی گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. مهدی سرائی تبریزی گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-4903-9307 علی محمدی ترکاشوند گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. هادی رمضانی اعتدالی گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی، قزوین، ایران. Journal Article 2026 01 26 Background and Objectives Nowadays, seeking strategies to minimize the consumption of agricultural inputs, including water and fertilizers, while evaluating crop yield variations under real field conditions and simultaneous environmental stresses is of great importance. So, in this research, maize (Zea mays L.) evapotranspiration stress coefficient (Ks) was evaluated under simultaneous salinity, water, and NPK macronutrients deficiency stresses at field conditions. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in 2022 to simulate the Ks coefficient of forage maize (Sc. 704 cultivar) under field conditions and the simultaneous effects of three abiotic stresses: water, salinity, and fertilizer. In this regard, empirical functions (mathematical-statistical) were determined to predict the evapotranspiration stress coefficient (Ks). The cultivation was carried out at the Aliabad-e- Fashafouyeh Agricultural and Livestock Farm in Hasanabad, Tehran province, using a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) in a 43 factorial arrangement with three replications. The factors included 1- irrigation at four levels (W0, W1, W2, and W3) providing 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% of the crop water requirement, respectively; 2- irrigation water salinity at four levels (S0, S1, S2, and S3) with EC of 1.8, 5.2, 8.6, and 10 dS/m, respectively; and 3- fertilization at four levels (F0, F1, F2, and F3) providing 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% of the plant’s nutritional requirements for NPK macronutrients, respectively. Irrigation levels were controlled using the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) device, and salinity levels were achieved by mixing local saline well water with fresh non-saline water. The Ks coefficient was calculated from the ratio of the evapotranspiration (ET) of the plant under stress to the ET of the plant under non-stress conditions (control treatment). This coefficient indirectly reflects the crop yield, such that as Ks increases towards one, the yield will also increase. Results The results indicated that at each level of water stress, the Ks coefficient decreased with increasing salinity and NPK macronutrients deficiency stress. Specifically, under the most severe applied stress (W3S3F3), this coefficient reached 0.38, representing a 62% reduction compared to the control treatment. This trend was also observed under constant fertilizer conditions, and the results showed a decrease in the evapotranspiration coefficient with increased salinity and water stresses. Furthermore, the steepest decline in Ks occurred under water stress conditions, highlighting the significant impact of irrigation water amount on changes in the plant’s Ks coefficient. Consequently, each stress individually contributed to the reduction of the crop water requirement (ETc), among them, the effect of water stress was 56% greater than salinity stress, ranking first in reducing the slope of Ks. The stress of NPK macronutrients deficiency had the least impact on the slope of Ks in the maize plant. Finally, an exponential empirical function with statistical indices of r2, RMSE, ME, EF, and CRM equal to 0.997, 0.005, 0.011, 0.998, and 0.023, respectively, was found to be the most suitable function for estimating Ks based on the percentage of simultaneous salinity, water, and NPK macronutrients deficiency stresses applied to maize. Conclusions By having the evapotranspiration stress coefficient (Ks), it is possible to determine the actual evapotranspiration of maize (ETc) and estimate the crop water requirement. Undoubtedly, by reducing the volume of applied water under environmental stress conditions, water savings will be achieved while meeting the actual needs of the maize. The results showed that by maintaining crop yield, water productivity and production sustainability can be increased. This approach can serve as a scientific basis for revising traditional irrigation patterns and sustainable water resources policies in forage maize fields under similar conditions. امروزه بهینه‌سازی مصرف آب و نهاده‌های کشاورزی در شرایط تنش‌های هم‌زمان محیطی اهمیت زیادی دارد. این پژوهش در سال زراعی 1402- 1401 با هدف شبیه‌سازی ضریب تنش تبخیر و تعرق (Ks) ذرت علوفه‌ای (Zea mays L) رقم سینگل کراس 704 در شرایط تنش‌های هم‌زمان کم‌آبی، شوری و کمبود عناصر غذایی پرمصرف (نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم) در شرایط مزرعه‌ای در منطقه علی‌آباد فشافویه، شهرستان حسن‌آباد، استان تهران، ایران انجام شد. آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل (43) در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی (RCBD) اجرا گردید. ضریب Ks از نسبت تبخیر و تعرق گیاه در شرایط تنش به تبخیر و تعرق گیاه در شرایط بدون تنش (تیمار شاهد) محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد که Ks با افزایش شدّت تنش‌ها به‌طور معنادار کاهش یافت، به‌طوری‌که در شدیدترین سطح تنش مقدار آن به 0.38رسید که بیانگر کاهش 62 درصدی نسبت به شاهد بود. در میان تنش‌ها، تنش کم‌آبی بیشترین تأثیر را بر کاهش Ks نشان داد و اثر آن 56 درصد بیشتر از تنش شوری بر شیب کاهش Ks برآورد شد. مدل نمایی ارائه‌شده با دقّت بالا( r²=0.998 و (RMSE=0.0109) توانایی مناسبی در پیش‌بینی مقدار Ks داشت. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از Ks برآوردشده می‌تواند در تخمین تبخیر و تعرق واقعی و مدیریت بهینه مصرف آب گیاه ذرت علوفه‌ای در شرایط تنش‌های هم‌زمان کم‌آبی، شوری و کمبود عناصر غذایی پرمصرف در شرایط مشابه این پژوهش مفید باشد.

http://sps.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21556_096429ced5573f44ff706ec660d75eb1.pdf

دانشگاه تبریز دانش خاک و گیاه 3092-6106 36 1 2026 05 06 Effects of Foliar Application of Potassium silicate, Amino acid, and Zinc Nanofertilizer on Pinto Beans Yield and Concentraions of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Zinc under Normal and Deficit Irrigation Conditions تأثیر محلول‌پاشی نانوکود روی، اسید آمینه و سیلیکات پتاسیم بر عملکرد و غلظت نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم و روی لوبیا چیتی در شرایط آبیاری نرمال و کم‌آبیاری 81 103 21555 10.22034/sps.2026.72035.1038 FA علی اکبر اسدی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان زنجان، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زنجان، ایران. غلامرضا شهیدی گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی (پردیس ابوریحان)، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. غلامعباس اکبری گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی (پردیس ابوریحان)، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. غلامعلی اکبری گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی (پردیس ابوریحان)، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. محمدهادی غفاریان مقرب مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان زنجان، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زنجان، ایران. Journal Article 2026 04 19 Background and Objectives Abiotic environmental stresses, especially drought stress, are among the most important problems in arid and semi-arid regions, affecting plant growth and yield. On the other hand, given the widespread shortage of water resources, the future of food supply for the world's growing population will be affected by the water crisis; therefore, water will play a major role in increasing agricultural production, and any method or technology, such as deficit irrigation, that increases water use efficiency will improve food security. Using agricultural methods such as applying different types of organic and mineral fertilizers can also be effective in combating drought stress. In drought conditions, the absorption of nutrients through the roots decreases under certain conditions. To solve this problem, the nutrients (micronutrients) needed by plants can be provided through foliar spraying. Although micronutrients are required in small amounts for plant growth and production, their deficiency will have adverse effects on physiological processes and plant growth and development. Although micronutrients are required in small amounts for plant growth and production, their deficiency will have adverse effects on physiological processes and plant growth and development. This study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of micronutrients on yield and the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc in pinto bean leaves under normal and drought conditions with different nutritional treatments. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation, potassium sulfate fertilizer, and foliar application of nutritional elements on the absorption of some nutrients by leaves in beans, an experiment was conducted over two crop years in split plots based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Kheirabad Research Station of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Zanjan Province. Analysis of variance was performed in the form of a split plot design at multiple times and locations (irrigation cycles). After measuring the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc in different experimental treatments and checking the normality of the data and homogeneity of variances, variance analysis was done based on mathematical expectation, assuming randomness of the year and constant levels of treatments. Mean comparisons were also performed using Duncan's multiple range test at a 5% probability level. Results The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the two irrigation periods for potassium concentration, nitrogen concentration, and grain yield, and the 9-day irrigation cycle caused a significant decrease in these traits. A significant difference was observed between the two fertilizer levels evaluated in terms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration. Potassium sulfate application did not cause significant differences in grain yield, but a significant decrease in leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations was observed. On the other hand, the use of this fertilizer caused a non-significant increase in zinc concentration. Finally, significant differences were observed between foliar spray levels for all traits except potassium concentration. Potassium silicate had the greatest effect on grain yield and significantly increased it compared to amino acid and zinc nanofertilizer. Therefore, it can be concluded that foliar spraying of potassium silicate can increase resistance to drought conditions. Foliar application of zinc nanofertilizer did not have much effect on increasing grain yield. Amino acid consumption significantly increased leaf nitrogen concentration. Amino acid and zinc nanofertilizer showed the most significant increase in leaf phosphorus concentration. Potassium silicate treatment showed the lowest phosphorus concentration. The most significant difference in leaf potassium concentration was obtained by using amino acid, and finally, the highest leaf zinc concentration was observed by using zinc nano fertilizer and then amino acid. Conclusions Potassium silicate solution spraying increases resistance to drought conditions. Foliar application of amino acids increased leaf nitrogen and potassium concentrations. Foliar application of amino acids and zinc nanofertilizer had the greatest effect on increasing leaf phosphorus and zinc concentrations. In 9-day irrigation cycle, the use of amino acids and potassium silicate as foliar sprays can increase the concentration of potassium in the leaves, and also, also, in these conditions, the use of potassium silicate increases the concentration of zinc in the leaves. Therefore, it can be said that foliar spraying of nutritional elements can be used to eliminate the deficiency of required substances in beans under stress conditions resulting from increased irrigation intervals. مطالعات در مورد کاهش آب مصرفی و یافتن راه حل زراعی مناسب برای جبران کمبود آب در مزارع لوبیا (Phaseolous vulgaris L.) کمتر انجام شده است. این تحقیق، با هدف بررسی تأثیر محلول‌پاشی نانوکود روی، اسید آمینه و سیلیکات پتاسیم بر عملکرد و غلظت نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم و روی اندام‌های رویشی لوبیا چیتی رقم کوشا در دو شرایط نرمال (دور آبیاری 5 روز) و کم‌آبیاری (دور آبیاری 9 روز) انجام شد. آزمایش طی دو سال زراعی به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی خیرآباد مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان زنجان اجرا شد. تجزیه واریانس آزمایش به‌صورت طرح کرت‌های خرد شده در چند زمان و چند مکان انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که بین دورهای آبیاری 5 و 9 روز برای غلظت پتاسیم، غلظت نیتروژن و عملکرد دانه تفاوت معنادار وجود داشت و دور آبیاری 9 روز باعث کاهش معنادار این صفات شد. بین شاهد و دو سطح kg/ha 50 کود سولفات پتاسیم و kg/ha 2 اسید هیومیک از نظر غلظت نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم برگ تفاوت معناداری مشاهده شد. با مصرف سولفات پتاسیم تفاوت معناداری در میزان عملکرد دانه مشاهده نشد ولی کاهش معناداری در غلظت نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم برگ وجود داشت. بین سطوح محلول‌پاشی برای تمامی صفات به‌جز غلظت پتاسیم تفاوت معنادار مشاهده شد. محلول‌پاشی سیلیکات پتاسیم بیشترین تأثیر را بر عملکرد دانه داشت و باعث افزایش معنادار آن در مقایسه با مصرف اسید آمینه و نانوکود روی شد. محلول‌پاشی اسید آمینه باعث افزایش غلظت نیتروژن و پتاسیم برگ‌ها شد. محلول‌پاشی اسید آمینه و نانوکود روی، بیشترین تأثیر را در افزایش غلظت فسفر و روی برگ داشتند. در شرایط دور آبیاری 9 روز، مصرف اسید آمینه و سیلیکات پتاسیم به صورت محلول‌پاشی می‌تواند باعث افزایش غلظت پتاسیم برگ‌ها شود و در این شرایط، مصرف سیلیکات پتاسیم باعث افزایش غلظت روی برگ‌ها شد. بنابراین، برای بهبود عملکرد و تغذیه گیاه لوبیا در شرایط تنش خشکی می‌توان از محلول‌پاشی نانوکود روی، اسید آمینه و سیلیکات پتاسیم استفاده کرد.

http://sps.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21555_2c46a4d74825e87656e8c37f1b2dc837.pdf

دانشگاه تبریز دانش خاک و گیاه 3092-6106 36 1 2026 05 13 Effects of Superabsorbent Polymers, Fish Waste Hydrolysates, and Amino Acids on the Quality and Yield of Bell Pepper in a Calcareous Soil Under Greenhouse Conditions تأثیر پلیمرهای سوپرجاذب، محصولات آبکافت پسماندهای ماهی و آمینو اسید بر کیفیت و عملکرد فلفل دلمه‌ای در یک خاک قلیایی و در شرایط گلخانه‌ای 105 123 21558 10.22034/sps.2026.71616.1036 FA مهدی نورزاده حداد پژوهشکده کشاورزی هسته‌ای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته‌ای، کرج، ایران. سعید موری پژوهشکده کشاورزی هسته‌ای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته‌ای، کرج، ایران. اکبر حسنی گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران. Journal Article 2026 02 18 Background and Objectives Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a globally important vegetable crop valued for its high nutritional content and antioxidant compounds. However, its production faces significant challenges in arid and semi-arid regions where soils typically have high pH (alkaline), low organic matter, poor structure, and low water retention capacity. These characteristics reduce the availability of essential nutrients, impairing physiological processes and ultimately diminishing yield. In recent years, biostimulants such as fish hydrolysate (rich in amino acids and bioactive peptides) and amino acid supplements have emerged as sustainable approaches to improve plant performance under stress conditions. Additionally, superabsorbent polymers can absorb water several times their weight and gradually release it in the root zone, improving soil water status and nutrient uptake. The main objective of this research was to investigate the simultaneous effect of superabsorbent polymer application with fish hydrolysate and amino acids on improving physiological, morphological, and yield characteristics of bell pepper plants under greenhouse conditions. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in the research greenhouse of the University of Zanjan in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments included: T1 (control), T2 (fish hydrolysates), T3 (amino acids), T4 (superabsorbent polymer + fish hydrolysates), and T5 (amino acids + superabsorbent polymer at 1 mg L⁻¹ concentration). The soil used had an electrical conductivity of 0.97 dS/m, pH of 7.79, sandy loam texture, organic matter content of 0.7%, total nitrogen of 0.04%, available phosphorus of 11 mg/kg, and available potassium of 151 mg/kg. The superabsorbent polymer (Aquasorb) with 0.5-1 mm particle size was used. Harvesting and trait evaluation were performed 92 days after planting. Parameters measured included chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, photosynthesis rate, relative water content, stem and root dry weight, plant height, leaf number and area, and fruit number and weight. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and means comparisons were done by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 1% probability level. Results All treatments showed significant effects on measured traits compared to the control. Combined treatments (T4 and T5) demonstrated significant superiority over individual applications. The highest total chlorophyll content (2.15 mg/g fresh weight) and carotenoid content (0.36 mg/g fresh weight) were observed in T4 treatment (superabsorbent + fish hydrolysate), showing increases of 21.5% and 24%, respectively, compared to the control (1.77 mg/g for total chlorophyll). T4 treatment also exhibited the highest plant height (73.6 cm) compared to control (63.24 cm), and the highest leaf number (57.5 leaves per plant) and leaf area (713.5 cm²), representing increases of 20% and 22%, respectively, over control. Total plant dry weight in T4 and T5 treatments were 25.93 g and 24.78 g, respectively, showing significant increases compared to control (20.9 g), with T5 treatment showing a 24% increase. The highest photosynthesis rate (22.74 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹) and relative water content (90.66%) were measured in T4 treatment, representing increases of 16.6% and 10.2%, respectively, compared to control. The increased relative water content in treatments containing superabsorbent polymers demonstrates the ability of these polymers to maintain soil moisture and provide stable water supply to plants, maintaining stomatal opening and enhancing gas exchange. Fruit yield was highest in T4 treatment with average fresh fruit weight of 104.75 g, showing a 17.7% increase compared to control. The number of fruits, fresh weight, and dry weight in T4 treatment were 16.57, 104.75 g, and 10.51 g, respectively, representing increases of 33%, 17.7%, and 18% compared to control. T5 treatment ranked second with fruit number of 15.55, fresh weight of 100.56 g, and dry weight of 10.8 g. The increase in fruit number indicates improved flowering and fruit set processes, while increased fruit weight reflects enhanced translocation of assimilates to reproductive organs. This results from combining the positive effects of biostimulants on photosynthesis and superabsorbent polymers on plant water status. Conclusions Based on the results, the application of amino acids and fish hydrolysate significantly improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of bell pepper plants and their yield. The combined application of fish hydrolysate with superabsorbent polymer proved particularly effective due to improved soil water status and plant nutrition. The synergistic effects observed between biostimulants and superabsorbent polymers led to coordinated improvements in vegetative growth, physiological performance, and fruit production. Heat map and correlation matrix analyses confirmed that the positive effects of treatments were not limited to specific traits but harmoniously improved all measured parameters. Therefore, the integrated application of fish hydrolysate and superabsorbent polymer can be recommended as an effective strategy for enhancing both the quantity and quality of bell pepper production, especially in calcareous soils with limited water availability. برای بررسی اثر کاربرد پلیمر سوپرجاذب، آکوازورب آبکافت ماهی و کود مخلوط آمینواسید بر ویژگی‌های رشدی، فیزیولوژیکی و عملکرد فلفل دلمه‌ای (Capsicum annuum L.)، آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی و سه تکرار در یک خاک قلیایی و در شرایط گلخانه‌ای اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل شاهد (بدون کود)، آبکافت ماهی، آمینواسید، آبکافت ماهی + سوپرجاذب (آکوازورب) و آمینواسید + سوپرجاذب بودند. نتایج نشان داد که کلیه تیمارها نسبت به شاهد بر صفات اندازه‌گیری شده تأثیر معناداری داشتند. تیمارهای ترکیبی آبکافت ماهی + سوپرجاذب و آمینواسید + سوپرجاذب نسبت به کاربرد مجزای آن‌ها برتری معناداری نشان دادند. بیشترین غلظت کلروفیل کل (2/2 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن تر) و کاروتنوئید (0.36 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن تر) در تیمار آبکافت ماهی + سوپرجاذب مشاهده شدند که نسبت به شاهد به‌ترتیب 22 و 24 درصد افزایش داشتند. همچنین، تیمار آبکافت ماهی + سوپرجاذب بیشترین ارتفاع بوته (74 سانتی‌متر) و بیشترین تعداد برگ در بوته (58) را داشت. وزن خشک کل بوته در تیمارهای آبکافت ماهی + سوپرجاذب و آمینواسید + سوپرجاذب به‌ترتیب 26 و 24 گرم بود که نسبت به شاهد (21 گرم) افزایش معناداری داشت. بیشترین نرخ فتوسنتز در تیمار آبکافت ماهی + سوپرجاذب به میزان 22.7 میکرومولCO2 بر مترمربع بر ثانیه اندازه‌گیری شد. بیشترین عملکرد میوه در بوته (105 گرم) در تیمار آبکافت ماهی + سوپرجاذب بود که نسبت به شاهد 17.7 درصد افزایش داشت. بر اساس نتایج، کاربرد تلفیقی آبکافت ماهی و پلیمر سوپرجاذب به‌دلیل بهبود تغذیه گیاه و افزایش ظرفیت نگهداری آب در خاک، به‌عنوان راهکاری مؤثر برای افزایش کمّیت و کیفیت محصول فلفل دلمه‌ای قابل‌توصیه است.

http://sps.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21558_d4d81e82717f0c597891aa29eb88e5e7.pdf