Agbna, G.H., Dongli, S., Zhipeng, L., Elshaikh, N.A., Guangcheng, S., & Timm, L.C. (2017). Effects of deficit irrigation and biochar addition on the growth, yield, and quality of tomato. Scientia Horticulturae, 222: 90-101.
Amin, A.A. (2018). Phosphorus dynamics and corn growth under applications of corn stalks biochar in a clay soil. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11:379.
Asrar, A.W.A., & Elhindi, K.M. (2011). Alleviation of drought stress of marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants by using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 18:93-98.
Azimzadeh Y., Najafi N., Reyhanitabar A., Oustan S., & Khataee A. (2019). Effects of layered double hydroxide functionalized biochars and hydrochars on dry matter and N, P, and K concentrations of corn. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 42(1), 127–146. (in Persian with English abstract)
Azimzadeh, Y., Najafi, N., Reyhanitabar, A., Oustan, S., & Khataee, A. (2020). Effects of phosphate loaded LDH-biochar/hydrochar on maize dry matter and P uptake in a calcareous soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 67(12), 1649–1664.
Bai, S.H., Dempsey, R., Reverchon, F., Blumfield, T.J., Ryan, S., & Cernusak, L.A. (2017). Effects of forest thinning on soil-plant carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Plant and Soil, 411:437-449.
Beheshti, M., & Alikhani, H. (2015). Quality variations of biochar generated from wheat straw during slow pyrolysis process at different temperatures. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 26: 189-201. (In Persian with English abstract)
Briggs, C. M., Breiner, J., & Graham, R. (2005). Contributions of Pinus Ponderosa charcoal to soil chemical and physical properties. Paper read at The ASACSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings Salt Lake City, USA.
Black, C.A., & Evans, D.D. (1965). Particle size analysis. Pp. 770. In: White, J.L., Ensminger, L.E., & Clark, F.E. (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Properties, including statistics of measurement and sampling. American Society of Agronomy, Madison.
https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.1
Chintala, R., Mollinedo, J., Schumacher, T.E., Malo, D.D., & Julson, J.L. (2014). Effect of biochar on chemical properties of acidic soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 60:393–404.
Cheng, C.H., Lehmann, J., & Engelhard, M.H. (2008). Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils: changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72:1598-1610.
Darabi Kandlaji R., Oustan S., Aliasgharzad N., & Najafi N. (2018). Effects of moisture conditions and ammonium concentration on nitrification in two soils with different textures. Journal of Water and Soil Science (Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 22(3), 177–195. (in Persian with English abstract)
Ding, Y., Liu, Y.X., Wu, W.X., Shi, D.Z., Yang, M., & Zhong, Z.K. (2010). Evaluation of biochar effects on nitrogen retention and leaching in multi-layered soil columns. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 213:47-55.
Dong, X., Ma, L.Q., & Li, Y. (2011). Characteristics and mechanisms of hexavalent chromium removal by biochar from sugar beet tailing.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190: 909-915.
Downie, A., Crosky, A., & Munroe, P. (2009). Physical properties of biochar. Pp. 13- 32. In: Lehmann, J. & Joseph, S. (Eds). Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. Earthscan: London, UK.
Farrell, M., Rangott, G., & Krull, E. (2013). Difficulties in using soil-based methods to assess plant availability of potentially toxic elements in biochars and their feedstocks. Journal of hazardous materials, 250: 29-36.
Gavili, E., Moosavi, A.A., & Haghighi, A.A.K. (2019). Does biochar mitigate the adverse effects of drought on the agronomic traits and yield components of soybean. Industrial Crops and Products, 128:445-454.
Gee, G.W., & Bauder, J.W. (1986). Particle size analysis, hydrometer methods. Pp. 383-411. In: Sparks, D.L. (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. American Society of Agronomy, Madison.
Gonzales, P.R., & Salas, M.L. (1995). Improvement of the growth, grain yield, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrition of grain corn through weed control. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 18: 2313-2324.
Grant, C.A., & Bailey, L.D. (1993). Fertility management in canola production. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 73:651-670.
https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-087
Habibi, A., Motesharezadeh, B., & Alikhani, H. (2017). Effect of biochar and biological treatments on nutrient elements content (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn) of Amaranthus in oil polluted soil. Iranian Journal of Water Research, 48:369-384.
Havlin, J.L., Beaton, J.D., Tisdale, S.L., & Nelson, W.L. (2016). Soil fertility and fertilizers, 6 (Eds). Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisc.
Inal, A., Gunes, A., Sahin, O.Z.G.E., Taskin, M.B., & Kaya, E.C. (2015). Impacts of biochar and processed poultry manure, applied to a calcareous soil, on the growth of bean and maize. Soil Use and Management, 31:106-113.
Javadi, T., & Jafari, M. (2016). Effects of drought stress on growth and physiological characteristics of Sour Cherry cv. "Mykrez" saplings. Research in Pomology, 70-88. (In Persian with English abstract)
https://civilica.com/doc/944795
Jones, J.B. (2001). Laboratory guide for conducting soil tests and plant analysis. CRC press, Boca Raton, FL.
Karam, S., & Ronaghi, A. (2018). Influence organic wastes application (sewage sludge, wheat biochar and pistachio biochar) on the concentration of some nutrients in soil after harvesting wheat. 15th Iran Soil Science Congress, Isfahan, (in Persian with English abstract)
https://civilica.com/doc/729848
Lal Arab, M., Astarai, A., & Lekzian, A. (2015). The effect of different levels of biochar and vermicompost on vegetative growth and absorption of some nutrients in soybean, 2nd National Conference on Sustainable Management of Soil Environment Resources (Soil Quality, Health And Security), Kerman. (In Persian with English abstract)
https://civilica.com/doc/558083
Lehmann, J., Rillig, M.C., Thies, J., Masiello, C.A., Hockaday, W.C., & Crowley, D. (2011). Biochar effects on soil biota–A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43: 1812-1836.
Lentz, R.D., & Ippolito, J.A. (2012). Biochar and manure affect calcareous soil and corn silage nutrient concentrations and uptake. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41:1033-1043.
Lickfett, T., Matthaus, B., Velasco, L., & Mollers, C. (1999). Seed yield, oil and phytate concentration in the seeds of two oilseed rape cultivars as affected by different phosphorus supply. European Journal of Agronomy, 11:293-299.
Lindsay, W.L., & Norvell, W. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42: 421-428.
Liu, T., Liu, B.X., & Zhang, W. (2014). Nutrients and heavy metals in biochar produced by sewage sludge pyrolysis: It’s application in soil amendment. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 23: 271-275.
Logan, T.J., Goins, L.E., & Lindsay B.J. (1997). Field assessment of trace element uptake by six vegetables from N-Viro soil. Water Environment Research, 69:28-33.
Ma, Q.F., Turner, D.W., Levy, D., & Cowling, W.A. (2004). Solute accumulation and osmotic adjustment in leaves of Brassica oilseeds in response to soil water deficit. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 55:939-945.
Madiba, O.F., Solaiman, Z.M., Carson, J.K., & Murphy, D.V. (2016). Biochar increases availability and uptake of phosphorus to wheat under leaching conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 52:439-446.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-016-1099-3
Maftu'ah, E., & Nursyamsi, D. (2019). Effect of biochar on peat soil fertility and NPK uptake by corn. Agrivita, Journal of Agricultural Science, 41.64-73.
Maghsoodi M.R., Najafi N., Reyhanitabar A., & Oustan S. (2025). Effects of biochar, hydrochar, zeolite, and hydroxyapatite nanorods as urea carriers on some agronomical traits and water use efficiency of rice plant. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 25, 450–464.
Mahmoudi S., Najafi N., & Reyhanitabar A. (2015). Effect of soil moisture and sewage˗sludge compost on some soil chemical properties and alfalfa forage macronutrients concentrations in greenhouse conditions. Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions, 6(22), 37–55. (in Persian with English abstract)
Major, J., Rondon, M., Molina, D., Riha, S.J., & Lehmann, J. (2010). Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant and Soil, 333:117-128.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0327-0
Malakouti, M.J., & Homaee, M. (2004). Soil fertility of Arid and semi - Arid Regions difficulties and solutions. 2nd edition with full revision, Tarbiat Modares University Press, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract)
Malkouti, M.J., Khademi, Z., & Mohajermilani, P. (2000). Optimum fertilizer recommendation for canola in the country. Soil and Water Sciences, 12:1-6. (In Persian with English abstract)
Markarian, S., Najafi, N., Aliasgharzad, N., & Oustan, S. (2015). Effects of Sinorhizobium meliloti bacterium and phosphorus on leaf chlorophyll index, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in alfalfa shoot and root under drought stress conditions. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 24(4/1), 27–45. (In Persian with English abstract)
Marschner, H. (2011). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd Ed, Academic Press. London. 889p.
Masomi, T., Rahimikhoob, A., Ghorbanijavid, M., & Nazarifar, M.H. (2015). The Effect of Intermittent Deficit Irrigation on Yield, Yield Components and Water Productivity of Maize Sc-704. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 8: 810-816. (In Persian with English abstract)
https://civilica.com/doc/1210774
Mbah, C., Njoku, C., Okolo, C., Attoe, E., & Osakwe, U. (2017). Amelioration of a degraded ultisol with hardwood biochar: Effects on soil physicochemical properties and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 12:1781-1792.
Mohawesh, O., Coolong, T., Aliedeh, M., & Qaraleh S. (2018). Greenhouse evaluation of biochar to enhance soil properties and plant growth performance under arid environment. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 24:1012-1019.
Molla, M.S., Akhter, M., Maniruzzaman, M., Lipi, N.J., Rabiul, A., & Tisam, A. (2017). Response of biochar to plant nutrients and yield of Amaranthus tricolor. International Journal of Innovative Research, 2:13–17.
Moradi, N., Sadaghiani-Rasouli, M., & Sepehr, E. (2018). Effects of biochar type and rate on soil organic carbon and availability of macro nutrient in calcareous soil. 15th Iranian Soil Science Congress,
Isfahan, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract)
Musa, M. (2017). Growth variables, yield and nitrogen fixation of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) landraces at different rates of Christmas Island Rock Phosphate and rice biochar on tropical acid soils. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham).
Motalebifard R., Najafi N., & Oustan S. (2016). Effects of zinc and phosphorus on nutrients, starch and reducing sugar concentrations of potato tubers under with or without water deficit stress. Journal of Water and Soil, 30(2), 497–510. (In Persian with English abstract)
Motalebifard, R., Najafi N., Oustan S., Nyshabouri M.R., & Valizadeh M. (2013). The combined effects of phosphorus and zinc on evapotranspiration, leaf water potential, water use efficiency and tuber attributes of potato under water deficit conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 162, 31–38.
Najafi N., Mahmoudi Sh., Neyhabouri M., & Reyhanitabar A. (2020). Effects of soil moisture and sewage sludge on water use efficiency and concentrations of some elements in alfalfa. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 34(1), 61–80. (in Persian with English abstract)
Naseri, A., Abbasi, F., & Akbari, M. (2017). Estimating agricultural water consumption by analyzing water balance. Irrigation and Drainage Structures Engineering Research, 18:17-32.
Nelson, D.W., & Sommers, L.E. (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Pp: 539-579. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., & Keeney D.R (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America Book Series 5, Madison, USA.
Noorgholipour, F., Rezaei, H., Mirzashahi, K., Hakitnia, H., Ramzanpour, M.R., Arzanesh, M.J., Asadi Rahmani, H., Mirzapour, M.H., Afzali, H., Tehrani, M.M., Ghaibi, M.N. (2014). The recipe for the integrated management of soil fertility and rapeseed nutrition. Soil and Water Research Institute of Iran. 10-30. (In Persian with English abstract)
Olsen, S., & Sommers, L. (1982). Phosphorus. Pp. 403-430. In: Page, A.L. Miller, R.H. & Keeney, D.R. (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, USA.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-006-9066-2
Pirzad, A., Shakiba, M.R., Zehtab-Salmasi, S., & Mohammadi, S.A. (2015). Effects of water stress on some nutrients uptake in Matricaria chamomilla L. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi), 104: 1-7. (In Persian with English abstract)
Reyhanitabar, A., Frahadi, E., Ramezanzadeh, H., & Oustan, S. (2020). Effect of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock sources on physicochemical characteristics of biochar. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 22: 547-561.
Rhoades, J. (1996). Salinity: electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Pp. 417-435. In: Sparks, D.L. (Eds). Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, USA.
Salehi, f., Bahrani, M.J,. Kazemieni, S.A., Pak, Nit H., & Karimian, N. (2013). Influence of soil incorporating wheat residue rates on seed yield components and biological nitrogen fixation in two red bean cultivars in greenhouse. Journal of Applied Crop Research, 26: 34. (In Persian with English abstract)
Salimi Tarazoj, S. (2019). Dual application effects of biochar and phosphorus on rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) growth and nutrition in greenhouse conditions. Master of Science. Thesis University of Tabriz
Salimi Tarazoj, S., Reyhanitabar A., & Najafi N. (2024) Effects of biochar and phosphorus on dry matter and uptake of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese by rapeseed in a calcareous soil. Journal of Soil and Plant Science, 34(4), 91–113. (in Persian with English abstract)
Setayesh-Mehr, Z., & Ganjeali, A. (2013). Effects of drought stress on growth and physiological characteristics of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Journal of Horticultural Science, 27:27-35. (In Persian with English abstract)
https://civilica.com/doc/1468239
Shaban, M.R., & Razzaghi, F. (2017.( The effect of different levels of biochar, low irrigation and salinity on water use efficiency and wheat yield in greenhouse conditions, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. (In Persian with English abstract)
https://civilica.com/doc/693417
Shahbazi, K., & Besharati, H. (2013). Overview of agricultural soil fertility status of Iran. Land Management Journal, 1: 1-15. (In Persian with English abstract)
Singh, B., Camps-Arbestain, M., & Lehmann J. (2017). Biochar: A guide to analytical methods. Csiro Publishing.
Sohi, S.P., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., & Bol R. (2010). A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Advances in Agronomy, 105:47-82.
Song, W., & Guo, M. (2012). Quality variations of poultry litter biochar generated at different pyrolysis temperatures. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 94: 138-145.
Sousa, A., & Figueiredo, C. (2016). Sewage sludge biochar: effects on soil fertility and growth of radish. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 32:127-138.
Subramanian, K., Santhanakrishnan, P., & Balasubramanian P. (2006). Responses of field grown tomato plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization under varying intensities of drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 107(3), 245-253.
Suppadit, T., Phumkokrak, N., & Poungsuk P. (2012). The effect of using quail litter biochar on soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) production. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 72:244.
Thomas, G.W. (1996). Soil pH and soil acidity. Pp. 475-490. In: Sparks, D.L. (Eds). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, USA.
Toshih, V., Sadari, M.H., Kohsar, B.M., Hassan, R., & Seyyed, J. (2006). Plant residue management with emphasis on the destructive role of burning in wheat farming. First Applied Scientific Conference on Plant Residue Management, Tehran. (In Persian with English abstract)
https://civilica.com/doc/309243
Tehrani, M.M.,
Moshiri, F.,
Ghaibi, M.N.,
Rezaei, H.,
Keshavarz, P.,
Datoudi, M.H.,
Ziaian, A.,
Noorgholipour, F.,
Amiri, R.,
Hosseini, S.M.,
Saadat, S.,
Rahmani, H.A.,
Khademi, Z.,
Belali, M.,
Mastashiri, M. (2014). Comprehensive Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Program (Volume 2).
Soil and Water Research Institute, 418.
Woldetsadik, D., Drechsel, P., Keraita, B., Marschner, B., Itanna, F., & Gebrekidan, H. (2016). Effects of biochar and alkaline amendments on cadmium immobilization, selected nutrient and cadmium concentrations of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in two contrasting soils. SpringerPlus, 5:397.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2019-6
Xiu, L., Zhang, W., Sun, Y., Wu, D., Meng, J., & Chen, W. (2019). Effects of biochar and straw returning on the key cultivation limitations of Albic soil and soybean growth over 2 years. Catena, 173:481-493.
Yoldas, F., Ceylan, S., Yagmur, B., & Morologan, N. (2008). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield quality and nutrient content in broccoli. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 31:1333-1343.
Zabit, M., Bahamin, S., Qureshi, S., Sadeghi, H., & Mousavi, A.R. (2014). The effect of low irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on the quantitative yield of fodder millet shoots in Birjand. Environmental Stresses in crop sciences. 7:187-194. (In Persian with English abstract)
Zemanová, V., Břendová, K., Pavlíková, D., Kubátová, P., & Tlustoš, P. (2017). Effect of biochar application on the content of nutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P) and amino acids in subsequently growing spinach and mustard. Plant, Soil and Environment, 7:322-327.
https://doi.org/10.17221/318/2017-PSE
)