تأثیر رژیم‌های آبیاری و سطوح نیتروژن بر ویژگی‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیک و عملکرد ذرت هیبرید 703 در یک خاک لوم شنی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشگاه ولی عصر (عج) رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران.

2 بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی جنوب استان کرمان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، جیرفت، ایران.

چکیده

این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی تأثیر سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن بر ویژگی‌های رویشی و زایشی ذرت (Zea mays L.) هیبرید 703 در شرایط کم‌آبیاری در یک خاک لوم شنی در منطقه جیرفت انجام شد. آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 1398 اجرا شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل دور آبیاری در 4 سطح (معادل 90، 140، 190 و 240 میلی‌متر تبخیر تجمعی از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A) به عنوان عامل اصلی و کود نیتروژن در 4 سطح (200، 300، 400 و 500 کیلوگرم اوره بر هکتار) در دو تقسیط در مراحل چهار برگی و ظهور گل‏آذین نر، به عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. نتایج نشان داد که ذرت تا سطح آبیاری معادل 140 میلی‌متر تبخیر از تشتک، توانایی تحمل تنش خشکی را داشت اما افزایش شدت تنش خشکی، باعث کاهش معنادار صفات رویشی، عملکرد بیولوژیک و دانه شد. کاربرد سطوح بالاتر کود نیتروژن توانست تا حدودی از شدت کاهش عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ذرت در شرایط تنش کم‌آبی بکاهد. مصرف 500 کیلوگرم اوره بر هکتار در دور آبیاری 90 و 140 میلی‌متر تبخیر، سبب بهبود صفاتی همچون غلظت کلروفیل کل، وزن دانه در بلال، تعداد دانه در هر ردیف، ارتفاع گیاه، قطر ساقه و مقدار نسبی آب برگ گردید. تمامی صفات مورد بررسی در تیمارهای 190 و 240 میلی‌متر تبخیر، صرف‌نظر از سطح کود نیتروژن، کاهش قابل‌توجهی یافتند. بر اساس این نتایج، توصیه می‌شود که برای ذرت هیبرید 703 در یک خاک لوم شنی در شرایط اقلیمی گرم و خشک، از اعمال تنش کم‌آبی بیش از 140 میلی‌متر تبخیر از سطح تشتک اجتناب شود و کاربرد بهینه نیتروژن می‌تواند به تعدیل اثرهای منفی کم‌آبیاری کمک کند. همچنین، در شرایط تأمین آب کافی، می‌توان مصرف کود نیتروژن را تا حدود 50 درصد کاهش داد بدون آنکه کاهش معناداری در عملکرد مشاهده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Abbasi, A., Lotfi, R., & Golkari, S. (2022). Effect of crop rotation and crop residues on grain yield and activity of some antioxidant enzymes of different dryland wheat cultivars under conservation agriculture. Iranian Dryland Agronomy Journal11(1), 1-23. (In Persian with English Abstract) https://doi.org/10.22092/idaj.2022.342530.298
Ahmadinejad R., Najafi N., Aliasgharzad N., & Oustan S. (2013). Effects of organic and nitrogen fertilizers on water use efficiency, yield and the growth characteristics of wheat. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 23(2), 177–197. (In Persian with English abstract)
Alahdadi, I., Pirdashti, H. A., & Rigi, K. (2011). Effect of nitrogen levels and planting density on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 7(1), 17-29. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Alizadeh, A. (2001). Principles of applied hydrology (4th ed.). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Alizadeh, A., Pirdashti, H. A., Rigi, K., & Kavoosi, R. (2007). Effect of nitrogen levels and planting density on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) under different irrigation regimes. Iranian Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 3(2), 1-13. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Ali, Q., Ashraf, M., & Ashraf, M. Y. (2001). Influence of water stress on growth and some physiological attributes of three maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 38(3-4), 169-174.
Allen, R. G., Jensen, M. E., Wright, J. L., & Burman, R. D. (1989). Operational estimates of reference evapotranspiration. Agronomy Journal, 81(4), 650-662. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1989.00021962008100040019x
Arnon, D. I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1
Atanasova, S. (2008). Response of maize hybrids to nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 9(3), 437-442.
Barrs, H. D., & Weatherley, P. E. (1962). A re-examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficits in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences15(3), 413-428.
Behroozi, M., Emam, Y., & Pirasteh Anosheh, H. (2016). Effect of leaf defoliation on yield and yield components of wheat cultivars under drought tension conditions. Crop Physiology Journal, 8(30), 39-52. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.2008403.1395.8.30.3.5
Cakir, R. (2004). Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Research, 89(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.01.005
Calvino, P. A., Echarte, L., & Andrade, F. H. (2003). Grain weight and number response to nitrogen supply in maize. Agronomy Journal, 95(3), 643-650.
Choukan, R., & Mosavat, A. (2006). Maize cultivation. Tehran University Press. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Debaeke, P., & Aboudrare, A. (2004). Adaptation of crop management to water-limited environments. European Journal of Agronomy21(4), 433-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2004.07.006
Earl, H. J., & Davis, R. F. (2003). Effect of drought stress on leaf and whole canopy radiation use efficiency and yield of maize. Agronomy journal95(3), 688-696. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.6880
Ershadi, S., Pirdashti, H., & Alizadeh, A. (2009). The effect of water deficit and nitrogen levels on some physiological characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.) in Gorgan region. Journal of Crop Physiology, 1(1), 1-14. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. and Basra S.M.A. (2009) Plant Drought Stress: Effects, Mechanisms and Management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29, 185-212. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2008021
Ghaderpoor, A., Reyhanitabar, A., Najafi, N. Zarehaghi, D. & Salimi Trazoj, S. (2025). Effects of biochar and nitrogen on rapeseed dry matter and macronutrients uptake under water deficit conditions in a pot culture. Journal of Soil and Plant Science, 35(2), 43-71. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Gupta, S., Prasad, R., & Singh, J. (2001). Drought tolerance mechanisms in maize. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 6(4), 329-335.
Hajheidari, M., Ehsanzadeh, P., & Madahj, A. (2005). Yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) under different irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 36(3), 677-688. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Halimian, F., Zare, M., & Amiri, R. (2020). Effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on physiological characteristics and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) single cross 704. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 10(37), 1-14. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Hammad, H. M., Naseer, S., Ahmad, M., & Shahid, S. (2015). Effect of nitrogen rates on yield and yield components of maize hybrids under limited irrigation. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 52(1), 101-106.
Jaleel, C. A., Gopi, R., & Perumal, R. (2007). Drought stress resistance in plants: A review. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(4), 603-608.
Katerji, N., van Hoorn, J. W., & Hamdy, A. (2008). Water use efficiency of maize under different irrigation regimes. Agricultural Water Management, 95(6), 755-764.
Keyhani, A., & Modhaj, A. (2014). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 10(1), 1-15. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Lack, P., Barta, L., & Galantai, S. (2008). Photosynthetic pigment changes in maize (Zea mays L.) under drought stress. Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 56(1), 21-30.
Lenka, K., Mishra, M., & Das, S. (2009). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of maize. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 195(4), 312-320.
Mahmoudi S., Najafi N., & Reyhanitabar A. (2015). Effects of soil moisture and sewage sludge compost on leaf chlorophyll index and some growth traits of alfalfa in greenhouse conditions. Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions, 5(20), 207–220. (In Persian with English abstract) https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20089082.1393.5.4.16.4
Majidian, M., & Ghadiri, H. (2002). Effect of different irrigation intervals and nitrogen levels on yield and yield components of maize. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 9(3), 1-12. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Majidian, M., Kamyab, F., & Ghadiri, H. (2008). Effect of irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels on yield and yield components of maize. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 4(2), 1-10. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Markarian, S., Najafi, N., Aliasgharzad, N., & Oustan, S. (2016). Interactive effects of Ensifer meliloti (Sinorhizobium meliloti) and phosphorus on some growth characteristics of alfalfa under soil water deficit conditions. Journal of Soil Biology, 3(2), 163–178. (in Persian with English abstract) https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.23452536.1394.3.2.7.9
Ministry of Agriculture Jihad. (2024). Agricultural Statistics Yearbook, Volume 1: Field Crops (Crop Year 1401-1402). Tehran: Deputy for Planning and Economic Affairs, Information and Communication Technology Center.
Mirzaei Varoei M., Oustan S., Reyhanitabar A., & Najafi N. (2024). Effect of application of nitrogen-enriched humic acid (NHA) on morphological ‎and physiological characteristics of maize (Single cross 704). Journal of Water and Soil Science, 34(1), 91–111. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22034/ws.2021.49033.2501
Mojadam, M., & Madhaj, A. (2012). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and yield components of maize under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 8(1), 1-12. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Morshedi, E., Gharineh, M. H., Koochakzadeh, A., & Bakhshandeh, A. (2023). Effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria and chemical fertilizer on yield and malt production efficiency in different barley cultivars under rainfed conditions. Rainfed Agriculture of Iran, 11(2), 235–254. (In Persian with English Abstract) https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2022.333633.2638
Motalebifard R., Najafi N., Oustan S., Nyshabouri M.R., & Valizadeh M. (2014). Effects of soil moisture, phosphorus and zinc levels on the growth attributes of potato in greenhouse conditions. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 45(1), 75–86. (In Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2014.51173
Namakka, S. A., Hassan, F. A., & Bako, J. A. (2008). Growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by nitrogen fertilizer rates. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 31(4), 11-20.
Nejad, S. A., Komeili, M., & Tavassoli, A. (2010). Effect of drought stress on growth and physiological traits of maize. Journal of Crop Physiology, 2(1), 1-14. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Nouri Azhar, J., & Ehsanzadeh, P. (2007). Combined effects of drought and nitrogen on maize (Zea mays L.) yield components. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 30(7), 1087-1099.
Rabani, J., & Emam, Y. (2011). Effect of drought stress on physiological traits and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Iranian Journal of Crop Science, 12(1), 1-15. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Rezaei Sookhtabandani, M., Amini Dehaghi, M., & Bagheri, H. (2009). Effect of drought stress and nitrogen levels on physiological traits and yield of maize. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 5(1), 1-15. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Sairam, R. K., & Saxena, D. C. (2000). Oxidative stress and antioxidant system in wheat genotypes differing in drought tolerance. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 184(1), 55-60.
Sepehri, A., Mojadam, M., & Madhaj, A. (2007). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of maize. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 3(2), 1-10. (In Persian with English Abstract)
Shafighi, R., Pourmohammad, A. & Aslani, I. (2025). Agronomic and yield responses of some dryland wheat cultivars to chemical fertilizers of urea and triple superphosphate in Hashtrud region. Journal of Soil and Plant Science, 35(1), 67–84 . (In Persian with English Abstract) https://doi.org/10.22034/sps.2025.66779.1005
Siddique, M. R. B., Hamid, A., & Islam, M. S. (1999). Drought stress effects on growth and yield of two wheat genotypes. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 28(2), 183-189.
Tas, B., & Tas, S. (2007). Drought stress effects on chlorophyll content in maize (Zea mays L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 31(3), 199-204.
Yari, A., Abbasi, N., & Hajinia, S. (2024). Evaluation of morpho-physiological traits, yield, and grain quality of three camelina ecotypes under water deficit conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 55(2), 89–104. (In Persian with English Abstract) http://doi.org/10.22059/ijfcs.2023.361897.655017
Yin, C., Duan, B., Wang, X., & Li, C. (2004). Morphological and physiological responses of two contrasting poplar species to drought stress and exogenous abscisic acid application. Plant Science, 167(5), 1091-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.06.005
Zang, X. , & Komatsu, S. (2007). A proteomics approach for identifying osmotic‐stress‐related proteins in rice. Phytochemistry, 68(4), 426–437 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.11.005