Effects of Foliar Application of Potassium silicate, Amino acid, and Zinc Nanofertilizer on Pinto Beans Yield and Concentraions of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Zinc under Normal and Deficit Irrigation Conditions

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Zanjan, Iran.

2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Technology (Abureihan Campus), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

10.22034/sps.2026.72035.1038

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Abiotic environmental stresses, especially drought stress, are among the most important problems in arid and semi-arid regions, affecting plant growth and yield. On the other hand, given the widespread shortage of water resources, the future of food supply for the world's growing population will be affected by the water crisis; therefore, water will play a major role in increasing agricultural production, and any method or technology, such as deficit irrigation, that increases water use efficiency will improve food security. Using agricultural methods such as applying different types of organic and mineral fertilizers can also be effective in combating drought stress. In drought conditions, the absorption of nutrients through the roots decreases under certain conditions. To solve this problem, the nutrients (micronutrients) needed by plants can be provided through foliar spraying. Although micronutrients are required in small amounts for plant growth and production, their deficiency will have adverse effects on physiological processes and plant growth and development. Although micronutrients are required in small amounts for plant growth and production, their deficiency will have adverse effects on physiological processes and plant growth and development. This study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of micronutrients on yield and the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc in pinto bean leaves under normal and drought conditions with different nutritional treatments.
 
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation, potassium sulfate fertilizer, and foliar application of nutritional elements on the absorption of some nutrients by leaves in beans, an experiment was conducted over two crop years in split plots based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Kheirabad Research Station of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Zanjan Province. Analysis of variance was performed in the form of a split plot design at multiple times and locations (irrigation cycles). After measuring the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc in different experimental treatments and checking the normality of the data and homogeneity of variances, variance analysis was done based on mathematical expectation, assuming randomness of the year and constant levels of treatments. Mean comparisons were also performed using Duncan's multiple range test at a 5% probability level.
 
Results
The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the two irrigation periods for potassium concentration, nitrogen concentration, and grain yield, and the 9-day irrigation cycle caused a significant decrease in these traits. A significant difference was observed between the two fertilizer levels evaluated in terms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration. Potassium sulfate application did not cause significant differences in grain yield, but a significant decrease in leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations was observed. On the other hand, the use of this fertilizer caused a non-significant increase in zinc concentration. Finally, significant differences were observed between foliar spray levels for all traits except potassium concentration. Potassium silicate had the greatest effect on grain yield and significantly increased it compared to amino acid and zinc nanofertilizer. Therefore, it can be concluded that foliar spraying of potassium silicate can increase resistance to drought conditions. Foliar application of zinc nanofertilizer did not have much effect on increasing grain yield. Amino acid consumption significantly increased leaf nitrogen concentration. Amino acid and zinc nanofertilizer showed the most significant increase in leaf phosphorus concentration. Potassium silicate treatment showed the lowest phosphorus concentration. The most significant difference in leaf potassium concentration was obtained by using amino acid, and finally, the highest leaf zinc concentration was observed by using zinc nano fertilizer and then amino acid.
 
Conclusions
Potassium silicate solution spraying increases resistance to drought conditions. Foliar application of amino acids increased leaf nitrogen and potassium concentrations. Foliar application of amino acids and zinc nanofertilizer had the greatest effect on increasing leaf phosphorus and zinc concentrations. In 9-day irrigation cycle, the use of amino acids and potassium silicate as foliar sprays can increase the concentration of potassium in the leaves, and also, also, in these conditions, the use of potassium silicate increases the concentration of zinc in the leaves. Therefore, it can be said that foliar spraying of nutritional elements can be used to eliminate the deficiency of required substances in beans under stress conditions resulting from increased irrigation intervals.

Keywords

Main Subjects

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Journal of Soil and Plant Science
Volume 36, Issue 1
December 2026
Pages 81-103

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